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1 دانشگاه ا زاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقيقات پايان نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته بيولوژی ماهيان دريا (M.Sc) موضوع شناسايی انواع مختلف شاخه خارپوستان در سواحل خليج فارس بندر لنگه) (قشم و استاد راهنما دکتر سيد محمد رضا فاطمی استادان مشاور دکتر شهلا جميلی دکتر تورج ولی نسب نگارنده نفيسه کورا نلو سال تحصيلی ٨٧-١٣٨٦ ب

2 فهرست مطالب عنوان...صفحه چکيده...١ مقدمه...٣ فصل اول: کليات ١-١ موقعيت شاخه خارپوستان در سلسله جانوری...٥ ١-٢ رده بندی خارپوستان...۵ ١-٣ ويژگيهای زيستس شاخه خارپوستان (Echinodermata)...٥ ١-٤ رده لاله وشان ٦...(Crinoidea) ١-۵ رده ستاره ا ساها (Asteroidea)...٦ ١-٥-١ خصوصيات ريختی...٧ ١-٥-٢ اسکلت بدن... ٨ ١-٥-٣ زيستگاه... ٩ ١-۴-۵ تغذيه... ٩ ٦-١ رده مارسانان (Ophiuroidea) ١٠... ١-٦-١ خصوصيات ريختی...١٠ ١-٦-٢ اسکلت بدن... ١١ ١-٦-٣ حرکت... ١٢ ١-٦-٤ زيستگاه... ١٢ ١-٦-٥ تغذيه... ١٢ ٧-١ رده خارسانان (Echinoidea) ١٤... ١-٧-١ خارسانان منظم توتيای دريايی urchins) (regular echinoids) (sea ١۵... ١-٧-١-١ خصوصيات ريختی توتيا های دريايی...١۵ ٢-١-٧-١ تغذيه ١٧... ٢-٧-١ خارسانان نامنظم( echinoids (irregular ١٨... ١-٢-٧-١ دلار شن dollars) (Sand ١٨... ٢-٢-٧-١ توتيای قلبی شکل urchin) (Heart ١٩... ١-٨ رده خيارهای دريايی (Holothuroidea)...٢٠ ١-٨-١ خصوصيات ريختی خيار های دريايی...٢٠ ١-٨-٢ اسکلت داخلی... ٢١ ١-٨-٣ دستگاه گوارش و اندام های وابسته به ا ن... ٢٣ ه

3 ۴-٨-١ دستگاه تناسلی...٢٣ ١-٨-۵ سيستم عروقی ا بی و سلوم...٢٣ ١-٨-۶ زيستگاه... ٢٣ ١-٨-٧ ارزش تجاری...٢۵ ٩-١ سوابق تحقيق...٢۵ فصل دوم: مواد و روشها ٢-١ مناطق نمونه برداری... ٣٣ ٢-٢ تناوب و نحوه نمونه برداری... ٣٣ ٢-٣ فيکس کردن نمونه ها... ٣٣ ٢-٤ بررسی نمونه ها... ٣٣ ٢-٤-١ نحوه شناسايی... ٣٣ ٢-٤-٢ بررسی صفات ريختی و زيست سنجی... ٣٦ ٢-٤-٢-١ بررسی صفات ريختی و زيست سنجی در رده ستاره ا ساها (Asteroidea)...٣۶ ٢-۴-٢-٢ بررسی صفات ريختی و زيست سنجی در رده مارسانان( Ophiuroidea )...٣٧ ٢-۴-٢-٣ بررسی صفات ريختی و زيست سنجی در رده خارسانان (Echinoidea)...٣٨ ٢-٤-٢-٤ بررسی صفات ريختی و زيست سنجی در رده خيار های دريايی... ٤٠ ٢-٥ روشهای ا ماری... ٤١ فصل سوم :نتايج ٣-١ گونه های خارپوست شناسايی شده... ٤٣ ٣-٢ گونه های شناسايی شده از رده ستاره ا ساها...٤٣ ٣-٢-١ کليد شناسايی ستاره های دريايی شناسايی شده تا سطح گونه...٤٣ ٣-٢-٢ مشخصات گونه های شناسايی شده از رده ستاره ا ساها... ٤٩ ٤٩... Aquilonastra sp. ٥١...Astropecten indicus ۵۴... Linckia multifora ١-٢-٢-٣ (DÖderlein, 1889)٢-٢-٢-٣ (Lamarck,1816 )٣-٢-٢-٣ ٣-٣ گونه های شناسايی شده از رده مارسانان...۵۶ Ophiuroidea ٣-٣-١ کليد شناسايی گونه های شناسايی شده از رده مارسانان ۵٧...Ophiuroidea ٢-٣-٣ مشخصات گونه های شناسايی شده از رده مارسانان...۶٢ ٦٢... Macrophiothrix sp.١-٢-٣-٣ ۶۶...Ophiocoma erinaceus (Muller & Troschel, 1842) ٢-٢-٣-٣ و

4 ۶٧... Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Lamarck, 1816) ٧٠... (Echinoidea) ٧١... (Echinoidea) ٣-٢-٣-٣ ٣-٤ گونه های شناسايی شده از رده خارسانان ٣-٤-١ کليد شناسايی گونه های شناسايی شده رده خارداران ٣-٤-٢ مشخصات گونه های شناسايی شده از رده خارداران ٧٤...(Echinoidea) ٧۴... Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) ١-٢-۴-٣ ٧٧... Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825) ٢-٢-۴-٣ ٧٨... ٨١... (Holothuroidea) Echinodiscus bisperforatus (Leske, 1778) ٣-٢-٤-٣ ٣-٥ گونه های شناسايی شده از رده خيار دريايی ٣-۵-١ کليد شناسايی خيار های دريايی شناسايی شده تا حد زير جنس...٨٢ ٣-۵-٢ مشخصات گونه های شناسايی شده از رده خيار های دريايی... ٨۴ ٨۴... Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) ١-٢-۵-٣ ٨٧...Holothuria (Selenkothuria) parva (Krauss in Lampert, 1885) ٢-٢-۵-٣ ٨٨... Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola (Semper, 1868) ٣-٢-۵-٣ ٩٠... Stichopus monotuberculatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 )۴-٢-۵-٣ فصل چهارم : بحث و نتيجه گيری بحث و نتيجه گيري... ٩٨ پيشنهادات...١٠۶ فهرست منابع... ١٠٧ خلاصه انگليسی...١١٠ ز

5 فهرست جداول عنوان...صفحه جدول ١-١. گونه های خارپوست شناسايی شده در تحقيقات پيشين... ٢۶ جدول ١-٣. گونه های خارپوست (Echinodermata) شناسايی شده در ناحيه جزر و م دی در جزي ره قش م و بندر لنگه... ۴۴ ج دول -١. ٤ مقايس ه گون ه ه ای خارپوس ت شناس ايی ش ده در تحقي ق حاض ر ب ا تحقيق ات قبل ی انج ام ش ده توس ط گ روه دانمارکی( ١٩٤٠ ) و Price ( ١٩٨١ و ١٩٨٣)...١٠٣ ح

6 فهرست اشکال عنوان...صفحه شکل ١-١. قسمتهای مختلف بدن ستاره دريايی (2003 Huber, ٩...(Castro & شکل ٢-١. مقطع عرضی بازو در ستاره دريايی (1971 Rowe, ١٠...(Clark& شکل ٣-١. سطح مقابل دهانی ديسک و بازو در ستاره شکننده( 2007 ١٣...(Pomory, شکل ۴-١. سطح دهانی ديسک و بازو در ستاره شکننده( 2007 (Pomory,...١۴ شکل ۵-١. اجزای مختلف پوسته( test ) در توتيای دريايی... ١۶ شکل ۶-١. موقعيت فانوس ارسطو در توتيای دريايی...١٧ شکل ٧-١.سيستم راسی در توتيای دريايی...١٧ شکل ٨-١. اجزای مختلف پوسته( test ) در دلار شن... ١٨ شکل ٩-١. اجزای راس پوسته در دلار شن...١٩ شکل ١-١٠. اجزای مختلف پوسته( test ) در توتيای قلبی شکل... ١٩ شکل ١١-١.قسمتهای مختلف بدن خيار دريايی( 1971 Rowe, (Clark&...٢١ شکل ١٢-١. انواع اصلی اسپيکول ها (1998 ٢٢...(Conand, شکل ١٣-١. ا ناتومی خيار دريايی (1998 (Conand,...٢٤ ٥٢... Aquilonastra sp. شکل ٣-١ شکل ٢-٣ ٥٤... Astropecten indicus.(r=39.5mm) شکل ٣-٣ 1816) (Lmarck, ٥٧... Linckia multifora شکل.٤-٣ sp ٦٥...Macrophiothrix ٦٨... Ophiocoma erinaceus (dd=18.6 mm) شکل ٣-٥ شکل ٦-٣ (dd=21mm) ٧٠... Ophiocoma scolopendrina شکل ٧-٣. ٧٦...Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) شکل شماره ٨-٣. 1825) Blainville,.Echinometra mathaei (de ٧٩... شکل ٩-٣ 1778). (Leske, ٨١...Echinodiscus bisperforatus ٨۶... شکلleucospilota.١٠-٣ H. (M.) شکل.١١-٣ parva.h. (S.) ٨٨... شکل ١٢-٣. ٩١... H. (T.) arenicola شکل ١٣-٣. ٩٢...H. (T.) arenicola ٩۵... S. monotuberculatus شکل ٣-١۴. شکل.١۵-٣ monotuberculatus ٩۶...S.

7 فهرست نقشه ها عنوان...صفحه نقشه ٢-١. مناطق نمونه برداری در جزيره قشم و بندرلنگه...٣۴ نقشه ٢-٢. نقشه پهنه بندی سواحل جزر و مدی جزيره قشم بر حسب جنس (روزبهی ١٣٨۶)٣۵

8 چکيده: با هدف شناسايی گونه های مختلف خارپوستان در نواحی ج زر و م دی بس تر ه ای س نگی س واحل خل يج فارس در بندر لنگه و جزيره قشم نمونه برداری به طور مستقيم و ط ی پيم ايش س احل در ن واحی ج زر و م دی و ابت دای ناحي ه ج زر و م دی بن در لنگ ه و جزي ره قش م ب ا تاکي د ب ر بس تر ه ای س نگی انج ام ش د. شناسايی نمونه ها با استفاده از چندين کليد معتبر شناسايی خارپوستان انجام گرف ت. شناس ايی ه ای انج ام شده به تاييد چند تن از متخصصان شناسايی خارپوستان رسيد. از پنج رده شاخه خارپوستان نمون ه ه ايی از رده ه ای س تاره ا س ا ه ا (Asteroidea) مارس انان,(Ophiuroidea) خارس انان (Echinoidea) وخيارهای دريايی (Holothuroidea) در نواحی جزر و مدی بندر لنگه و جزي ره قش م جم ع ا وری ش دند. ه يچ نمون ه ای از رده لال ه وش ان (Crinoidea) در ناحي ه ج زر و م دی ياف ت نش د. بررس ی دقي ق نمون ه های جمع ا وری شده منجر ب ه شناس ايی جمع ا ١١ گون ه خارپوس ت متعل ق ب ه ١٠ خ انواده گردي د بع لاوه يک نمونه از رده ستاره ا سا ه ا (Asteroidea) و ي ک نمون ه از رده مارس انان (Ophiuroidea) ک ه ت ا ح د ج نس شناس ايی ش دند. گون ه ه ای شناس ايی ش ده عبارتن د از از رده س تاره ا س اها (Asteroidea) sp. Astropecten (DÖderlein, 1889 ) گون ه Asterinidae (Gray, 1840) خ انواده Aquilonastra.از indicus از خ انواده 1840) (Gray, Astropectinidae وگون ه (Lamarck,1816) Linckia multifora از خانواده ;Ophidiasteridae(Verrill,1870) از رده مارسانان (Ophiuroidea) گونه های 1816) (Lamarck, Ophiocoma scolopendrina و 1842) Troschel, Ophiocoma erinaceus (Muller & از خانواده 1867) (Ljungman, ;Ophiocomidae گونه sp. Macrophiothrix از خانواده خانواده (1867 (Ljungman,.Ophiothrichidae از رده خارسانان (Echinoidea) گونه 1778) (Leske, Diadema setosum از خانواده 1855) (Peters,,Diadematidae گونه Echinometridae (Gray, از خانواده( 1855 Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville,1825) و( 1778 Echinodiscus bisperforatus (Leske از خانواده 1825) (Gray,.Scutellidae از رده خيار های دريايی (Holothuroidea) گونه های Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) 1885) Lampert, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) parva (Krauss in و 1868) (Semper, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola از خانواده 1894) (Ludwig, Holothuroiidae و گونه 1833) Gaimard, Stichopus monotuberculatus (Quoy and از خانواده. Stichopodidae (Haeckel, 1886) در مقايسه گونه های شناسايی شده در تحقيق حاضر ب ا گون ه ه ای خارپوس ت شناس ايی ش ده در تحقيق ات قبلی از جمله گونه های شناسايی شده توس ط گ روه دانم ارکی( ١٩۴٠ ) در س واحل ايران ی خل يج ف ارس و گونه های خارپوست شناسايی شده توسط ١٩٨١)Priceو ١٩٨٣ ) در سواحل عرب ی خل يج ف ارس نک ات

9 قابل ت وجهی وج ود دارن د. نمون ه ه ای ک ه تح ت عن وان sp. Aquilonastra.شناس ايی ش دند از نظ ر تع داد خارهای صفحات دهانی و suboral و همچنين تعداد خارهای furrow وsubambulacral با گونه 1940) (Mortensen, Aquilonastra cephea, var. iranica گزارش شده توس ط گ روه دانم ارکی( ١٩۴٠ ) و از نظر شکل اسپاينلت های صفحات سطح مقابل دهانی با گونه (1840 (Gray, Aquilonastra burtoni گزارش شده توس ط Price ( ١٩٨١ و ١٩٨٣) تف اوت داش تند. گون ه.O erinaceus در اي ن تحقي ق اول ين گ زارش در م ورد حض ور اي ن گون ه در خل يج ف ارس اس ت. گ روه دانم ارکی (١٩۴٠) ه يچ گون ه ای تح ت ج نس (1938 (Clark, Macrophiothrix و Diadema H. (T.) و H. (M.) leucospilota E. ه ایbisperforatus گون ه و همينط ور (Humphreys, 1797) arenicola از سواحل ايرانی خليج فارس گزارش نکرده است.. اسپيکول های دکمه ای شکل spicules) (button گونه.H arenicola شناسايی شده در اين تحقيق با فرم تيپيک اسپيکول ه ای دکم ه ای شکل اين گونه تفاوت اندکی داشتند و سوراخ های موجود بر روی ا نه ا ب ه نظ ر بزرگت ر م ی رس يد. اي ن احتمال وجود دارد که با فرم توصيف نشده يا بومی خليج فارس از گونه.H arenicola رو به رو باشيم.

10 Identification of Echinoderms of coastal area of Persian Gulf (Lengeh Port and Qeshm Island) By: Nafiseh Kuranlu ABSTRACT In order to identify Echinoderms from Iran, Echinoderm samples were collected and identified along the rocky and rocky- sandy intertidal flats of Lengeh Port and Qeshm Island. Collection of specimens was done by hand. Identification of the collected samples was carried out using several main keys and was confirmed by some foreign experts. The careful examination was led to the identification of 3 Asteroids 3 Ophiuroids 3 Echinoids and 4 Holothurians. There is no Crinoid specimen between collected specimens. Identified Asteroids species include, Aquilonastra sp. Of family Asterinidae (Gray, 1840), Astropecten indicus (DÖderlein, 1889) of family Astropectinidae (Gray, 1840), Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) of family Ophidiasteridae (Verrill, 1870). Identified Ophiuroids species include, Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Lamarck, 1816) and Ophiocoma erinaceus (Muller & Troschel, 1842) from family Ophiocomidae (Ljungman, 1867); Macrophiothrix sp. from family Ophiothrichidae (Ljungman, 1867). Identified Echinoids species include Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) of family Diadematidae (Peters, 1855), Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825) of family Echinometrida (Gray, 1855) and Echinodiscus bisperforatus (Leske, 1778) of family Scutellidae(Gray, 1825). Identified Holothurians species include Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835), Holothuria (Selenkothuria) parva (Krauss in Lampert, 1885) and Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola (Semper, 1868) from family Holothuroiidae (Ludwig, 1894); Stichopus monotuberculatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) from family Stichopudidae (Haeckel, 1886). There are not many studies on Persian Gulf Echinoderms. The major reports on Echinoderm faunas from Persian Gulf were published by Mortensen and et al. (1940) during The Danish Scientific Investigation in Iran and also Price (1981&1983) who reported Echinoderm faunas from Arabian coast of Persian Gulf. Aquilonastra sp. Not only did differ from Aquilonastra cephea var. iranica (Mortensen 1940) in number of oral and suboral plates spines furrow and subambulacral spines but it also showed some differences with Aquilonastra burtoni (Gray, 1840) in form of aboral plate s spinelets. It is now therefore O. erinaceus is a new record for the entire Persian Gulf basin which had not previously been reported for this region. Genus Macrophiothrix (Clark, 1938) and Diadema (Humphreys, 1797), species E. bisperforatus, H. leucospilota and H. arenicola have not also been reported during The Danish Scientific Investigation in Iran. The button spicules in specimens of H. arenicola were slightly different with typical button spicules in this species, therefore; as it is not unexpected that the specimens are from undescribed or endemic species from Persian Gulf.

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